“摩羯”凶猛来袭 钢构安全抵御--海南周华结构钢结构项目抵御17级超强台风“摩羯”的性能调查

“摩羯”凶猛来袭 钢构安全抵御
--海南周华结构钢结构项目抵御17级超强台风“摩羯”的性能调查

1 前言

2024年11号台风“摩羯”于9月6日下午4点20分在海南省文昌市翁田镇登陆，台风中心处最大风速达62m/s，风力等级为17级（风力等级按风速大小划分为0--17级），随后台风中心向西移动，经过海口市区和澄迈县，于晚上9点左右离开海南岛进入琼州海峡。“摩羯”台风的中心移动路径如图一所示。

图一 “摩羯”台风中心移动路径

“摩羯”台风与2014年7月18日的“威马逊”台风和1973年9月13日的“玛琪”台风，并列为在海南登陆的三个最高级别的17级超强台风，而且，“摩羯”台风的最大风速62m/s超过了“威马逊”台风（58m/s）和“玛琪”（60m/s）台风的最大风速。“摩羯”台风破坏力惊人，对海南造成了巨大的经济损失，对部分建筑物和构筑物也造成了损害，网上可见的典型灾损照片如图二所示。

（海口五源河体育场顶棚损毁）

（海南文昌沿海多台风电机组被折断）

图二 海南“摩羯”台风灾损照片

每一次台风对建筑是一次最真实的实战检验，调查建筑在台风中的抗风性能，分析台风对结构的致损机理，是总结和改进结构抗风设计的宝贵机会。在此次“摩羯”超强台风袭击海南后，海南周华结构以最快的速度，针对公司设计的、已建成投入使用的且位于“摩羯”台风中心经过地方的五个钢结构项目进行了现场调查，现将调查情况汇总如下。

2 钢结构项目案例

2.1 海南大学田家炳中心屋面钢网架

该网架是会堂的屋盖，最初建成于二十多年前，平面大约为椭圆形，长和宽分别大约为35m和20m，是螺栓球节点四角锥异形钢网架。在建筑投入使用一段时间后，屋面严重漏水，网架钢材明显锈蚀，导致会堂长期闲置。2020年，海南大学委托海南周华结构对网架承重和围护结构进行鉴定和加固设计，鉴定和加固设计以及加固施工于2021年完成，会堂重新投入使用。在此次“摩羯”台风中，网架的承重和围护结构完好无损，不需修复会堂就可正常使用，本项目施工方为海南诚创建设工程有限公司。

              （台风后航拍照片）                     (台风后会堂已正常使用)

图三 海南大学田家炳中心钢网架“摩羯”台风后照片

2.2 海南大学第三教学楼屋面钢网架

该网架最初建成于二十多年前，平面形状为矩形，长和宽分别为26m和15.3m，是螺栓球节点四角锥钢网架，网架下四周开敞。因屋面严重漏水，网架支座和杆件严重锈蚀，海南大学于2021年委托海南周华结构对网架承重和围护结构进行鉴定和加固设计，加固设计和加固施工于2022年完成。在此次“摩羯”台风中，网架的承重和围护结构完好无损，不需修复就可正常使用，本项目施工方为海南诚创建设工程有限公司。

图四 海南大学第三教学楼开敞式钢网架“摩羯”台风后照片

2.3 海口宜欣广场屋面影院钢结构

海口宜欣广场是一个大型购物中心，地下一层，地上四层，主体结构是钢筋混凝土框架结构，屋面局部第五层是一个钢结构影院。影院钢结构设计由海南周华结构于2015年底完成，2016年影院建成投入使用。在此次“摩羯”台风中，影院钢结构完好无损，影院不需修复就可正常使用，本项目施工方为永兴钢构（海南）有限公司。

图五 海口宜欣广场钢结构影院“摩羯”台风后照片

2.4 海口百汇城广场改造加建钢结构

海口百汇城广场是一个大型购物中心，已建成大约二十余年。2020年建设方委托海南周华结构对广场进行改造和加建设计，改造和加建的结构均采用钢结构，改造和加建施工于2021年完成。在此次“摩羯”台风中，改造和加建的各钢结构基本完好无损，基本不需修复就可正常使用，本项目施工方为海南华金钢构有限公司。

（改建后屋盖）

（加建连廊）

（加建观光电梯）

图六 海口百汇城广场钢结构“摩羯”台风后照片

2.5 海南澄迈深水车间钢结构

深水车间由中海油投资建设，是服务于南海油气开发的重要技术支撑基地，内含一个十米深的水池和起重能力80吨的桥式吊车。该建筑设计由海南周华结构完成，车间长度和宽度分别为97.5m和42m，高跨檐口高度为23.2m，横向结构形式为平面刚架，纵向采用柱间交叉支撑，墙面和屋面采用轻型围护钢结构，于2022年建成投入使用。在此次“摩羯”台风中，深水车间承重钢结构完好无损，外围护墙基本完好。 略有遗憾的是，成品卷帘门均被台风吹坏，屋面有个别围护板受损（卷帘门损坏，台风吹进室内，增大了屋面向上的风压），本项目施工方为海南华金钢构有限公司。

    图七 海南澄迈深水车间“摩羯”台风后照片

3 总结

“摩羯”台风风力等级为17级，台风中心附近最大风速为62m/s，是登陆海南的最强台风，其破坏力惊人，对海南的部分建筑物和构筑物造成了损害。

海南周华结构在台风后第一时间对公司设计的、已建成投入使用的且位于台风中心经过地方的五个钢结构项目进行了灾损调查，通过现场查看、航拍并与建设方沟通，基本查清了五个项目的钢结构在“摩羯”台风中的性能情况。海南大学二个经加固后投入使用的钢网架项目在台风中完好无损，不需修复就已经继续使用；海口宜欣广场和百汇城广场钢结构建筑在台风中基本完好无损（建设方电话反馈，可能有局部漏水），不需修复就可继续使用；海南澄迈深水车间卷帘门被台风吹坏，并由此导致屋面局部围护板受损，台风过后，需要对大门和屋面局部围护板进行修复，除此之外，深水车间无其他损伤。

由海南周华结构设计的上述五个钢结构项目在“摩羯”台风中的性能超过了预期，为建设方避免了台风损失，或将台风损失降到了很低的水准！

（十年前，在2014年7月18日“威马逊”超强台风袭击海南后，周华博士在雅克设计有限公司的大力支持下，发起组织了结构灾损的现场详细调查和初步分析工作，收集了较多的第一手结构灾损资料，详见海南周华结构设计事务所有限公司网站专题资料：http://www.zhouhuajiegou.com/col.jsp?id=169和文[1]--[3]）

参考文献：

[1]   周华,张江利. 2014年“威马逊”超强台风作用下建筑结构灾损调查与分析—混凝土结构[J].建筑结构，2016，46（6）：100-105.

[2] 周华,韩琴,花立春，罗海燕，杨安泰. 2014年“威马逊”超强台风作用下建筑结构灾损调查与分析—砌体结构[J].建筑结构，2016，46（3）：100-105..

[3] 齐洪威，韩琴,罗海燕,花立春,霍晶，周华. 2014年“威马逊”超强台风作用下建筑结构灾损调查与分析—轻钢结构[J]. 建筑结构，2015，45（15）：27-35.

海南周华结构设计事务所有限公司

2024年9月12日

Typhoon Yagi Strikes with Fierce Force, Steel Structures Stand Firm – Performance Investigation of Hainan Zhouhua Structure’s Steel Projects Against Category 5 Super Typhoon Yagi

1.Preface

Super Typhoon Yagi, the 11th typhoon of 2024, made landfall at Wengtian Town, Wenchang City, Hainan Province at 16:20 on September 6. The maximum sustained wind speed at the typhoon center reached 62 m/s, equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane. China's wind force scale ranges from Grade 0 to Grade 17. Afterwards, the typhoon center moved westward, passing through downtown Haikou and Chengmai County, and exited Hainan Island into the Qiongzhou Strait at around 21:00. The track of Typhoon Yagi is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Central Track of Super Typhoon Yagi

Typhoon Yagi, together with Typhoon Rammasun (landfall on July 18, 2014) and Typhoon Marge (landfall on September 13, 1973), ranks among the three most intense super typhoons that have made landfall in Hainan. With a maximum wind speed of 62 m/s, Yagi exceeded the peak wind speeds of Rammasun (58 m/s) and Marge (60 m/s).

Bringing devastating power, Yagi caused massive economic losses to Hainan and inflicted damage on a number of buildings and structures. Typical typhoon damage photos available online are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 (Partial Damage to the Roof of Haikou Wuyuanhe Stadium)

(Multiple wind turbine units collapsed along the coast of Wenchang, Hainan)

Every typhoon serves as the most realistic field test for buildings. Investigating the wind resistance performance of buildings during typhoons and analyzing the damage mechanisms of structures under typhoon loads provides a valuable opportunity to summarize and improve structural wind-resistant design.

Following the impact of Super Typhoon Yagi on Hainan, Hainan Zhouhua Structure promptly conducted on -site investigations on five steel structure projects designed by the company. These projects have been completed and put into operation, and are all located along the central track of Typhoon Yagi. The findings of the investigation are summarized as follows.

2 Case Studies of Steel Structure Projects

2.1 Roof Steel Space Truss of Tian Jiabing Center, Hainan University

This space truss serves as the roof of the auditorium. It was originally constructed over 20 years ago, with an approximately elliptical plane measuring about 35 meters in length and 20 meters in width. It is a special-shaped quadrangular pyramid steel space truss with bolt-ball joints.

After the building had been in use for some time, severe roof leakage and significant corrosion of the steel truss members occurred, which left the auditorium idle for a long period. In 2020, Hainan University commissioned Hainan Zhouhua Structure to conduct appraisal and strengthening design for the load-bearing and envelope structures of the truss. The appraisal, strengthening design and construction were completed in 2021, and the auditorium was put back into service.

During Super Typhoon Yagi, both the load-bearing and envelope structures of the truss remained completely intact. The auditorium has resumed normal operation without any repair required. The construction contractor for this project is Hainan Chengchuang Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.

Figure 3 Aerial photograph showing the auditorium in normal operation after Super Typhoon Yagi

2.2 Roof Steel Space Truss of the Third Teaching Building, Hainan University

This space truss was originally constructed over 20 years ago. It has a rectangular plane measuring 26 meters in length and 15.3 meters in width, and is a quadrangular pyramid steel space truss with bolt-ball joints, open on all four sides below the truss.

Due to severe roof leakage and serious corrosion of the truss supports and members, Hainan University commissioned Hainan Zhouhua Structure in 2021 to conduct appraisal and strengthening design for the load-bearing and envelope structures of the truss. The strengthening design and construction were completed in 2022.

During Super Typhoon Yagi, both the load-bearing and envelope structures of the truss remained completely intact and have resumed normal operation without any repair required. The construction contractor for this project is Hainan Chengchuang Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.

Figure 4 Photograph of the Open-Type Steel Space Truss of the Third Teaching Building, Hainan University After Super Typhoon Yagi

2.3 Roof Cinema Steel Structure of Haikou Yixin Plaza

Haikou Yixin Plaza is a large shopping mall with one basement level and four above-ground floors. Its main structure is a reinforced concrete frame structure, and a partial fifth floor on the roof houses a steel structure cinema. The design of the cinema steel structure was completed by Hainan Zhouhua Structure at the end of 2015, and the cinema was completed and put into operation in 2016.

During Super Typhoon Yagi, the cinema steel structure remained completely intact. The cinema has resumed normal operation without any repair required. The construction contractor for this project is Yongxing Steel Structure (Hainan) Co., Ltd.

Figure 5 Photograph of the Steel Structure Cinema of Haikou Yixin Plaza After Super Typhoon Yagi

2.4 Renovation and Addition Steel Structure of Haikou Baihui City Plaza

Haikou Baihui City Plaza is a large shopping mall that has been completed for approximately 20 years.

In 2020, the project owner commissioned Hainan Zhouhua Structure to carry out the renovation and addition design for the plaza. All the renovated and added structures adopted steel structures, and the renovation and addition works were completed in 2021.

During Super Typhoon Yagi, all the renovated and added steel structures remained basically intact and have continued to operate normally without major repair required. The construction contractor for this project is Hainan Huajin Steel Structure Co., Ltd.

Figure 6 Photograph of the Steel Structure of Haikou Baihui City Plaza After Super Typhoon Yagi (Roof Structure After Renovation and Addition; Added Connecting Corridor; Added Observation Elevator)

2.5 Steel Structure of Deepwater Workshop, Chengmai, Hainan

The Deepwater Workshop, invested and constructed by CNOOC, is an important technical support base serving oil and gas development in the South China Sea. It contains a 10-meter-deep water pool and an overhead crane with a lifting capacity of 80 tons.

The structural design was completed by Hainan Zhouhua Structure. The workshop measures 97.5 meters in length and 42 meters in width, with an eave height of 23.2 meters for the high span. Its transverse structural system adopts plane rigid frames, while the longitudinal system uses cross bracing between columns. The walls and roof are constructed with lightweight steel envelope structures. The workshop was completed and put into operation in 2022. During Super Typhoon Yagi, the load-bearing steel structure of the Deepwater Workshop remained completely intact, and the exterior envelope walls were basically undamaged.

Regrettably, all prefabricated rolling shutters were damaged by the typhoon, and a few roof envelope panels were affected. (The damaged rolling shutters allowed typhoon winds to enter the interior, increasing the upward wind pressure on the roof.) The construction contractor for this project is Hainan Huajin Steel Structure Co., Ltd.

Figure 7 Photograph of the Deepwater Workshop, Chengmai, Hainan After Super Typhoon Yagi

3 Summary

Super Typhoon Yagi reached a wind force level of 17, with a maximum wind speed of 62 m/s near the typhoon center. It is the strongest typhoon ever to make landfall in Hainan, with devastating destructive power that caused damage to some buildings and structures in the province.

Promptly after the typhoon, Hainan Zhouhua Structure conducted damage investigations on five steel structure projects designed by the company, which have been completed and put into operation and are located along the central track of the typhoon. Through on-site inspections, aerial surveys and communication with project owners, the performance of the steel structures of the five projects during Super Typhoon Yagi has been basically clarified. The two strengthened steel space truss projects of Hainan University remained completely intact during the typhoon and have resumed normal operation without any repair required. The steel structure buildings of Haikou Yixin Plaza and Haikou Baihui City Plaza were basically undamaged (project owners reported by phone that there might be local water leakage) and have continued to operate normally without repair. The rolling shutters of the Deepwater Workshop in Chengmai, Hainan were damaged by the typhoon, which led to damage to local roof envelope panels. After the typhoon, only the gates and local roof envelope panels need to be repaired, and there is no other damage to the Deepwater Workshop.

The performance of the above five steel structure projects designed by Hainan Zhouhua Structure during Super Typhoon Yagi exceeded expectations, eliminating typhoon-related losses for the project owners or reducing the losses to a very low level!

(Ten years ago, after Super Typhoon Rammasun hit Hainan on July 18, 2014, Dr. Zhou Hua, with the strong support of Yake Design Co., Ltd., initiated and organized detailed on-site investigations and preliminary analysis of structural damage, and collected a large amount of first-hand structural damage data. For details, please refer to the special topic on the official website of Hainan Zhou Hua Structural Design Co., Ltd.:http://www.zhouhuajiegou.com/col.jsp?id=169 and references [1]--[3].)

References

[1] ZHOU Hua, ZHANG Jiangli. Investigation and Analysis of Building Structural Damage Under Super Typhoon Rammasun in 2014—Concrete Structures[J]. Building Structure, 2016, 46(6): 100-105.

[2] ZHOU Hua, HAN Qin, HUA Lichun, LUO Haiyan, YANG Antai. Investigation and Analysis of Building Structural Damage Under Super Typhoon Rammasun in 2014—Masonry Structures[J]. Building Structure, 2016, 46(3): 100-105.

[3] QI Hongwei, HAN Qin, LUO Haiyan, HUA Lichun, HUO Jing, ZHOU Hua. Investigation and Analysis of Building Structural Damage Under Super Typhoon Rammasun in 2014—Light Steel Structures[J]. Building Structure, 2015, 45(15): 27-35.

Hainan Zhou Hua Structural Design Co., Ltd.

September 12, 2024